3^rd World Summit on Diabetes September 22-23, 2022 Rome, Italy

Potential complications of diabetes and frequent comorbidities consist of: Heart and blood vessel disease. Diabetes is associated with a better risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowing of blood vessels (atherosclerosis). Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common and life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes, particularly at the time of diagnosis. DKA is less common at diagnosis and through the course of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is the foremost reason of kidney disease. Micro vascular complications of diabetes are those long-term complications that disturb small blood vessels. These typically contain retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Retinopathy is divided into two key categories: No proliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy.

Diabetes can cause nerve damage to your urinary area, causing bladder problems. Overweight and obesity also can rise bladder problems, such as urinary incontinence (UI). Managing diabetes is an important part of preventing complications that can lead to excess urination. Diabetes can cause retrograde ejaculation, in which deprived blood sugar control over a long-term period leads to neuropathy of the bladder. Retrograde ejaculation can happen in diabetic males as a consequence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (nerve damage). If you have diabetes, you may still be able to overcome ED through a lifestyle that contains sufficient sleep, no smoking, and stress reduction. ED medications are usually well-tolerated, and can be used for numerous years to help overcome any ED problems. The most mutual type of sexual problem in men is erectile dysfunction (sometimes known as impotence). This is when you can't get or keep an erection – initial signs could be if you start to lose your morning erection. Men with diabetes are 3times more expected to have trouble getting or keeping an erection.

Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease (the most common diabetes complication) by around four times in women but only about two times in men, and women have worse outcomes after a heart attack. Women are also at complex risk of additional diabetes-related complications such as blindness, kidney disease, and depression. When you have diabetes, vaginal dryness can occur a lot. High blood sugars can grounds damage to your blood vessels in your vagina. This leads to a lack of lubrication. As a result, sex can be same painful. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, though it often appears throughout childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can grow at some age, though it's more common in people older than 40. Poor control of diabetes during pregnancy rises the chances for birth defects and other problems for the pregnancy. It can also cause severe complications for the woman. Proper health care earlier and during pregnancy can help prevent birth defects and other health problems.

There is huge range of conditions related to diabetes. These are related to coeliac disease, thyroid disease and hemochromatosis. Treatment for diabetes requires keeping close watch of our blood glucose levels (and keeping them at a goal set by our doctor) with a mixture of medicines, exercise and diet. By paying close attention to what that once you eat, you'll minimize or avoid the "seesaw effect" of quick changes of blood glucose levels, which may require quick changes in medication dosages, especially insulin.

Central obesity as well as obesity is generally associated with physiological changes, that may cause the development of diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, high blood cholesterol and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is defined as the failure of the body to regulate and control the blood sugar levels. Obesity is a complex disease that is related with a number of comorbidities, exaggerated mortality and reduced quality of life. With the rise in obesity among the adult population, the cost burden is predicted to increase substantially: the combined medical costs associated with treatment of obesity-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, in the US alone have been estimated to increase by $48-66 billion/year from 2010-2030 according to Endocrine Facts and Figures.

Metabolism states to the bodily process of extracting energy from food. Diabetes affects metabolism by reducing insulin levels. This in turn checks the body from storing the energy it gets from food for later use. Profound metabolic variations occur in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus during insulin deprivation. These include a growth in basal energy expenditure and reduced mitochondrial function. In addition, protein metabolism is significantly affected throughout insulin deprivation. Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and usually resulting from insufficient production of the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes) or an ineffective reply of cells to insulin (type 2 diabetes).

Diabetes Ophthalmology is a diabetic eye disease. Diabetic eye disease is a group of eye problems that can affect people having diabetes. These circumstances include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular enema, cataracts, and glaucoma. Over time, diabetes can cause damage to your eyes that can lead to very poor vision or even blindness. But you can take steps to prevent diabetic eye disease, or keep it from getting poorer, by taking care of your diabetes.

The best ways to manage your diabetes and keep your eyes healthy are to:

• Manage your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol, sometimes called the diabetes ABCs
• If you smoke, get help to quit smoking

Have a dilated eye exam once a year

The most mutual symptoms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, along with lassitude, nausea, and blurred vision, all of which result from the hyperglycemia itself. Polyuria is affected by osmotic diuresis secondary to hyperglycemia. Health care professionals most frequently use the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test or the A1C test to diagnose diabetes. In some cases, they may use a casual plasma glucose (RPG) test. Two clinical symptoms are present in nearly all diabetes patients: Frequent urination and frequent drinking/thirst. The mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of diabetes existed 1.4 years. To be diagnosed with diabetes, you must come across one of the following criteria: Have symptoms of diabetes (increased thirst, increased urination, and unexplained weight loss) and a blood sugar level identical to or greater than 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

The endocrine system is made up of the endocrine glands that release hormones. Although there are eight major endocrine glands are Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Testis, Pineal, Thymus, Pancreas, Ovary) sprinkled throughout the body, they are still considered to be one system because they have similar functions, similar mechanisms of influence, and many important interrelationships.

Some glands also have non-endocrine regions that have functions other than hormone release. As like, the pancreas has a major exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes and endocrine portion that secretes hormones. The ovaries and testes secrete hormones and also produce the ova and sperm. Some organs, like stomach, intestines, and heart, produce hormones, but their primary function is not hormone secretion.

More recently, diabetes technology has expanded to contain hybrid devices that both monitor glucose and deliver insulin, some automatically, as well as software that serves as a medical device, providing diabetes self-management support. In January 2020, Tandem Diabetes Care launched its t: slim X2 insulin pump with Control-IQ technology, which chains the Dexcom G6 CGM with an insulin pump to regulate insulin levels with little user effort. Researchers have discovered a novel and drug gable insulin inhibitory receptor, termed inceptor. The blocking of inceptor function leads to an improved sensitization of the insulin gesturing pathway in pancreatic beta cells. According to its broadest definition, a therapeutic procedure is any medical or surgical procedure that is executed in order to repair, remove or otherwise heal any previously determined health concern.

Metformin is generally the chosen initial medication for treating type 2 diabetes without there's a specific reason not to use it. Metformin is effective, safe, and inexpensive. It may decrease the threat of cardiovascular events. Metformin also has beneficial effects when it derives to reducing A1C results. A student's diabetes management plan is an essential document that guides how schools can support students with type 1 diabetes to study and participate fully at school. The plan is usually developed by the student's medical treating team in collaboration with the student and their parents or careers.

If defined as a type 2 diabetic phenotype combined with islet antibodies, the prevalence of LADA is around 10% among incident situation subjects of diabetes aged 40–75 years (16). A related prevalence is found among non-insulin-requiring patients older than 35 years at diagnosis with phenotypic type 2 diabetes (17). All-cause mortality was improved by 50% for LADA patients matched with individuals without diabetes, corresponding to the outcomes seen for the whole group of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. In addition, we show that the extra mortality risk pertains to men and women and, in particular, to death from IHD. The reason of LADA is the growth of autoantibodies against pancreatic cells, insulin, or enzymes involved in pancreatic roles. Antibodies affecting the pancreas and its function might influence the way the body answer back to blood sugar.

Stem cells treatments in Diabetes are being used for on-going research to help us explore the complicated ways in which our bodies process sugar and answer some important questions about the root causes of diabetes, such as:

• In type 1 of diabetes, why does the immune system begin to attack beta cells and no other cells in the pancreas or in other organs or tissues?
• In type 2 of diabetes, what causes the resistance to insulin?

Recently, there has been great progress in group of betacells from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells. Laboratory studies help us better understand disease development, what is the potential of genetic causes may be, and similarities and differences between patients. Researchers are using this information for diagnosing people earlier, to stop disease progression and more effectively treatments of diabetes.

There are a good range of treatment options for endocrine disorders. This is often because diseases of the system vary widely in both type and severity. The system is formed from different hormone-producing glands, and disorders arise when one or more of them either produces an excessive amount of or insufficient of a particular hormone. In some cases, the resulting hormone imbalance could also be mild enough to travel unnoticed or barely noticed and not require treatment. In other cases, like with hyperthyroidism, patients may exhibit unpleasant symptoms, including anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and fatigue. Medications may be used to alleviate these symptoms and prevent potentially serious complications over the long-term. Diagnosis of Endocrine Diseases involves Hormone testing, Genetic testing, Imaging studies and Urine tests etc.

Treatments for endocrine disorders generally fall into three categories:

• Medication:  If there is too much or too little of a certain hormone in the body, synthetic hormones may be administered to correct the imbalance and reduce symptoms. Chemotherapy may also be used to treat patients with cancer of an endocrine gland.
• Surgery:  In some cases, such as with cancerous and non-cancerous tumors on an endocrine gland, surgery and/or radiation therapy may be necessary. After the underlying problem has been resolved, hormone production should return to normal.
• Hormone Therapy: You take supplements to restore levels of certain hormones. This treatment may be right for you if you have abnormally low hormone levels. Hormone therapy also includes personalized insulin treatments for diabetes. Read more about medical and hormone replacement therapy for endocrine disorders.

Instead, limit sugar and choose complex carbohydrates such as vegetables, oatmeal and whole grains. Quit smoking if you are a current tobacco user. Smoking can contribute to insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. Although there's no cure for type 2 diabetes, studies show it's possible for some people to reverse it. Through diet changes and weight loss, you may be able to reach and hold normal blood sugar levels without medication. This doesn't mean you're completely cured. If you have this type of diabetes the foods you eat should have a low glycemic load (index) (foods higher in fibre, protein or fats) like vegetables and good quality protein such as fish, chicken, beans, and lentils.

Just like in human being, pets with diabetes may not be able to produce sufficient insulin, or possibly their bodies do not allow them to use insulin appropriately. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, and allows glucose in the blood to enter cells, tolerating the body to properly function. Just like human being, pets can suffer from both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Symptoms in pets can include:

• Weight loss, often despite an increased appetite
• Extreme thirst and urination
• Breakdown of body fat and growth of ketoacidosis
• Lower appetite
• Pungent breath with a chemical smell
• Difficulties associated with diabetes